


Glazed ceramic in Gaudí 's architecture
Gaudí 's architecture is characterised by colour. The master used to say that colour is the sign of life. It is for this reason that all of his architecture is intensely chromatic. Gaudí understood that colour is the effect of reflection of light on objects but that light has another property too: it is refractive. In other words, when rays of light hit a shiny surface, or water, the effect of refraction occurs causing brilliance or iridescence.
This led Gaudí to use glazed ceramic, which provided very bright colours as well as allowing him to incorporate iridescence. He then took his three-dimensional twisted surfaces and covered them with ceramic tiles.
Finding of course that it was impossible to lay tiles on a curved surface, Gaudí responded by coming up with one of his major inventions: "trencadís". He asked for the tiles to be broken and, with the pieces, created mosaic that was Byzantine in style yet had one peculiarity: it mixed fragments from different pieces, thereby achieving the surprising effect of a new, more lively and interesting composition completely unrelated to the original tiles.
The city of Leonia refashions itself every day: every morning the people wake between fresh sheets, wash with just-unwrapped cakes of soap, wear brand-new clothing, take from the latest model refrigerator still unopened tins, listening to the last-minute jingles from the most up-to-date radio.
On the sidewalks, encased in spotless plastic bags, the remains of yesterday's Leonia await the garbage truck. Not only squeezed rubes of toothpaste, blown-out light bulbes, newspapers, containers, wrappings, but also boilers, encyclopedias, pianos, porcelain dinner services. It is not so much by the things that each day are manufactured, sold, bought that you can measure Leonia's opulence, but rather by the things that each day are thrown out to make room for the new. So you begin to wonder if Leonia's true passion is really, as they say, the enjoyment of new and different things, and not, instead, the joy of expelling, discarding, cleansing itself of a recurrent impurity. The fact is that street cleaners are welcomed like angels, and their task of removing the residue of yesterday's existence is surrounded by a respectful silence, like a ritual that inspires devotion, perhaps only because once things have been cast off nobody wants to have to think about them further.
Nobody wonders where, each day, they carry their load of refuse. Outside the city, surely; but each year the city expands, and the street cleaners have to fall farther back. The bulk of the outflow increases and the piles rise higher, become stratified, extend over a wider perimeter. Besides, the more Leonia's talent for making new materials excels, the more the rubbish improves in quality, resists time, the elements, fermentations, combustions. A fortress of indestructible leftovers surrounds Leonia, dominating it on every side, like a chain of mountains.
This is the result: the more Leonia expels goods, the more it accumulates them; the scales of its past are soldered into a cuirass that cannot be removed. As the city is renewed each day, it preserves all of itself in its only definitive form: yesterday's sweepings piled up on the sweepings of the day before yesterday and of all its days and years and decades.
Leonia's rubbish little by little would invade the world, if, from beyond the final crest of its boundless rubbish heap, the street cleaners of other cities were not pressing, also pushing mountains of refuse in front of themselves. Perhaps the whole world, beyond Leonia's boundaries, is covered by craters of rubbish, each surrounding a metropolis in constant eruption. The boundaries between the alien, hostile cities are infected ramparts where the detritus of both support each other, overlap, mingle.
The greater its height grows, the more the danger of a landslide looms: a tin can, an old tire, an unraveled wine flask, if it rolls toward Leonia, is enough to bring with it an avalanche of unmated shoes, calendars of bygone years, withered flowers, submerging the city in its own past, which it had tried in vain to reject, mingling with the past of the neighboring cities, finally clean. A cataclysm will flatten the sordid mountain range, canceling every trace of the metropolis always dressed in new clothes. In the nearby cities they are all ready, waiting with bulldozers to flatten the terrain, to push into the new territory, expand, and drive the new street cleaners still farther out.
Resist whatever seems inevitable.
Resist people who seem invincible.
Resist the embrace of those who have lost.
Resist the flattery of those who have won.
Resist any idea that contains the word algorithm.
Resist the idea that architecture is a building.
Resist the idea that architecture can save the world.
Resist the hope that you’ll get that big job.
Resist getting big jobs.
Resist the suggestion that you can only read Derrida in French.
Resist taking the path of least resistance.
Resist the influence of the appealing.
Resist the desire to make a design based on a piece of music.
Resist the growing conviction that They are right.
Resist the nagging feeling that They will win.
Resist the idea that you need a client to make architecture.
Resist the temptation to talk fast.
Resist anyone who asks you to design only the visible part.
Resist the idea that drawing by hand is passé.
Resist any assertion that the work of Frederick Kiesler is passé.
Resist buying an automobile of any kind.
Resist the impulse to open an office.
Resist believing that there is an answer to every question.
Resist believing that the result is the most important thing.
Resist the demand that you prove your ideas by building them.
Resist people who are satisfied.
Resist the idea that architects are master builders.
Resist accepting honors from those you do not respect.
Resist the panicky feeling that you are alone.
Resist hoping that next year will be better.
Resist the assertion that architecture is a service profession.
Resist the foregone conclusion that They have already won.
Resist the impulse to go back to square one.
Resist believing that there can be architecture without architects.
Resist accepting your fate.
Resist people who tell you to resist.
Resist the suggestion that you can do what you really want later.
Resist any idea that contains the word interface.
Resist the idea that architecture is an investment.
Resist the feeling that you should explain.
Resist the claim that history is concerned with the past.
Resist the innuendo that you must be cautious.
Resist the illusion that it is complete.
Resist the opinion that it was an accident.
Resist the judgement that it is only valid if you can do it again.
Resist believing that architecture is about designing things.
Resist the implications of security.
Resist writing what They wish you would write.
Resist assuming that the locus of power is elsewhere.
Resist believing that anyone knows what will actually happen.
Resist the accusation that you have missed the point.
Resist all claims on your autonomy.
Resist the indifference of adversaries.
Resist the ready acceptance of friends.
Resist the thought that life is simple, after all.
Resist the belated feeling that you should seek forgiveness.
Resist the desire to move to a different city.
Resist the notion that you should never compromise.
Resist any thought that contains the word should.
Resist the lessons of architecture that has already succeeded.
Resist the idea that architecture expresses something.
Resist the temptation to do it just one more time.
Resist the belief that architecture influences behavior.
Resist any idea that equates architecture and ownership.
Resist the tendency to repeat yourself.
Resist that feeling of utter exhaustion.